New Zealand Aluminum Smelters (NZAS) has commissioned a report and discovered "numerous legacy and ongoing sources of contamination to the environment" at its Tiwai site. EHS Support, a consultancy with international experience in decommissioning smelters, concluded that chemicals have been discharged into the environment including groundwater, soil, and coastal marine areas. Fluoride was recorded at 8-16% concentration within surface soil in some areas. NZAS has estimated it'll cost around $700 million to clean up the site when the smelter enters the remediation phase.